Riski Surakhman: Februari 2011

Kamis, 24 Februari 2011

Articles Adverbial Clause

DIET FOR CORONARY HEART DISEASE

In the medical world today of heart disease is still an important topic that is always discussed and debated both in terms of medical and in terms of treatment. Data from developed countries stated that heart disease is the cause of death in the country. Some investigators suggested that cases of heart disease is closely related to socioeconomic factors in the country.
The main function of the heart that pumps blood throughout the body clean and dirty receives blood returning after used by the body. The heart is a device that moves the human body and the life of the earliest and latest freezes. Baby's heart began to beat in 24 minngu pregnancy. Heart weight in humans there are approximately 5 liters of blood that flows continuously throughout the body. The heart beat in a resting state approximately 70 times per minute.

A. According to the Cause There's Some Kind of Heart Disease
- Congenital disorder
- Because infections such as endo karditis and rheumatic disease
- Metabolic disorders such as beri-beri and thyroid
- Coronary heart disease
- Heart disease lung
- Functional disorders such as disease decompenatio cordis

In the subsequent description will be explained on coronary heart disease. The disease is closely related to food, especially fatty food. Coronary heart disease arise as a result of a poor way of life that resulted in narrowing of blood vessels (coronary). From time to time to clogged blood vessels at once and when it happened all of a sudden heart attack.
Understanding Coronary arteries in the heart is functioning to provide blood to the heart muscle. Coronary heart disease is a disease caused by imbalance between the arterial blood flow to the heart muscle needs.

B. Coronary Heart Disease can be distinguished on several kinds of diseases are:
- Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is a disease of blood vessels. In this disease deviation occurs little by little blood vessels pulse, as a result of accumulation of fat, fibrin and calcium in the blood vessel walls of blood vessels pulse.

- Angina pectoris
The main symptoms Agina pectoris is pain in the chest of a sudden, that arise from blood flow to the heart muscle is less adequate. The result is a buildup of lactic acid in heart muscle deprived of oxygen. This situation stimulates nerve endings, resulting in pain in the chest. Angina pectoris can also be caused by Atherosclerosis.

- Myocardium infarction
Myocardium infarction caused by a blockage of the coronary arteries that have been narrowed due to atherosclerosis. If the blood vessel is blocked completely, then the provision of oxygen and nutrients to the heart can not take place. This situation is called infrak heart or cardiac stiffness, and the affected muscles will die.

Common symptoms of coronary heart disease among others:
- A very sudden pain on the left chest
- Radiating to the left back, arm or molars
- The patient's blood pressure usually decreases
- So the patient may pass out suddenly
- Body temperature above normal
- Sweating

Factors The disease can arise because:
- Age
- Gender
- Ethnic groups
- Endoktrin or metabolic disorders
- Psychiatric disorders
- Disease Hypertension
- Sickness Bag bile
- The disease nephrotic syndrome.
Other factors are as follows:
- Smoking
- Eating food that excessive cholesterol

Syrat Diet-requisites to be provided are as follows:
- Calorie adjusted with the disease state. Usually given 30 calories per kilogram of body weight between 1000-1500 calories per day
- Protein 0.5 to 1 gram per kg body weight
- Fat 20% of the amount of calories and ddua thirds of the total fat should come from unsaturated fat
- Cholesterol, which is one of the fat derived from food or can be made by the body in the liver tissue. If there is accumulation of cholesterol in the body, then the amount of cholesterol in the food provided is reduced, and the amount of fat that should be adjusted.
- Raw foods megandung cholesterol: egg yolks, meat, shrimp, shellfish, fish oil, cheese, milk.
- Saturated Fat: Fat cows, sheep fat, milk, cream, cheese, butter.
- Saturated fats are not: Peanut oil, sunflower seed oil, cotton oil, corn oil and soy bean oil

Articles Adverbial Clause

Rabu, 23 Februari 2011

Articles Adverbial Claus

CANCER

Cancer (medical term: malignant neoplasm) is a class of diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled growth, invasion that intrudes upon and destroys adjacent tissues, and sometimes metastasis, or spreading to other locations in the body via lymph or blood. These three malignant properties of cancers differentiate them from benign tumors, which do not invade or metastasize.
Researchers divide the causes of cancer into two groups: those with an environmental cause and those with a hereditary genetic cause. Cancer is primarily an environmental disease, though genetics influence the risk of some cancers. Common environmental factors leading to cancer include: tobacco, diet and obesity, infections, radiation, lack of physical activity, and environmental pollutants. These environmental factors cause or enhance abnormalities in the genetic material of cells. Cell reproduction is an extremely complex process that is normally tightly regulated by several classes of genes, including oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Hereditary or acquired abnormalities in these regulatory genes can lead to the development of cancer. A small percentage of cancers, approximately five to ten percent, are entirely hereditary.
The presence of cancer can be suspected on the basis of symptoms, or findings on radiology. Definitive diagnosis of cancer, however, requires the microscopic examination of a biopsy specimen. Most cancers can be treated. Possible treatments include chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery. The prognosis is influenced by the type of cancer and the extent of disease. While cancer can affect people of all ages, and a few types of cancer are more common in children, the overall risk of developing cancer increases with age. In 2007 cancer caused about 13% of all human deaths worldwide (7.9 million). Rates are rising as more people live to an old age and lifestyles change in the developing world.
Classification
Further information: List of cancer types and List of oncology-related terms
Cancers are classified by the type of cell that the tumor resembles and is therefore presumed to be the origin of the tumor. These types include:
• Carcinoma: Cancer derived from epithelial cells. This group includes many of the most common cancers, including those of the breast, prostate, lung and colon.
• Sarcoma: Cancer derived from connective tissue, or mesenchymal cells.
• Lymphoma and leukemia: Cancer derived from hematopoietic (blood-forming) cells
• Germ cell tumor: Cancer derived from pluripotent cells. In adults these are most often found in the testicle and ovary, but are more common in babies and young children.
• Blastoma: Cancer derived from immature "precursor" or embryonic tissue. These are also commonest in children.
Cancers are usually named using -carcinoma, -sarcoma or -blastoma as a suffix, with the Latin or Greek word for the organ or tissue of origin as the root. For example, a cancer of the liver is called hepatocarcinoma; a cancer of fat cells is called a liposarcoma. For some common cancers, the English organ name is used. For example, the most common type of breast cancer is called ductal carcinoma of the breast. Here, the adjective ductal refers to the appearance of the cancer under the microscope, which suggests that it has originated in the milk ducts.
Benign tumors (which are not cancers) are named using -oma as a suffix with the organ name as the root. For example, a benign tumor of smooth muscle cells is called a leiomyoma (the common name of this frequently occurring benign tumor in the uterus is fibroid). Confusingly, some types of cancer also use the -oma suffix, examples including melanoma and seminoma.
Signs and symptoms

Symptoms of cancer metastasis depend on the location of the tumor.
Cancer symptoms can be divided into three groups:
• Local symptoms: are restricted to the site of the primary cancer. They can include lumps or swelling (tumor), hemorrhage (bleeding from the skin, mouth or anus), ulceration and pain. Although local pain commonly occurs in advanced cancer, the initial swelling is often painless.
• Metastatic symptoms: are due to the spread of cancer to other locations in the body. They can include enlarged lymph nodes (which can be felt or sometimes seen under the skin), hepatomegaly (enlarged liver) or splenomegaly (enlarged spleen) which can be felt in the abdomen, pain or fracture of affected bones, and neurological symptoms.
• Systemic symptoms: occur due to distant effects of the cancer that are not related to direct or metastatic spread. Some of these effects can include weight loss (poor appetite and cachexia), fatigue, excessive sweating (especially night sweats), anemia (low blood count) and other specific conditions termed paraneoplastic phenomena. These may be mediated by immunological or hormonal signals from the cancer cells.
None of these are diagnostic, as many of these symptoms commonly occur in patients who do not have cancer.
Causes:
Cancers are primarily an environmental disease with 90-95% of cases attributed to environmental factors and 5-10% due to genetics. Environmental, as used by cancer researchers, means any cause that is not genetic. Common environmental factors that contribute to cancer death include: tobacco (25-30%), diet and obesity (30-35%), infections (15-20%), radiation (both ionizing and non ionizing, up to 10%), stress, lack of physical activity, and environmental pollutants.

Diet and exercise
Diet, physical inactivity, and obesity are related to approximately 30-35% of cancer cases. In the United States excess body weight is associated with the development of many types of cancer and is a factor in 14-20% of all cancer death. Physical inactivity is believed to contribute to cancer risk not only through its effect on body weight but also through negative effects on immune system and endocrine system.
Diets that are low in vegetables, fruits and whole grains, and high in processed or red meats are linked with a number of cancers. A high salt diet is linked to gastric cancer, aflatoxin B1, a frequent food contaminate, with liver cancer, and Betel nut chewing with oral cancer. This may partly explain differences in cancer incidence in different countries for example gastric cancer is more common in Japan with its high salt diet and colon cancer is more common in the United States. Immigrants develop the risk of their new country, often within one generation, suggesting a substantial link between diet and cancer.
Infection
Worldwide approximately 18% of cancers are related to infectious diseases. This proportion varies in different regions of the world from a high of 25% in Africa to less than 10% in the developed world. Viruses are usual infectious agents that cause cancer but bacteria and parasites may also have an effect.
A virus that can cause cancer is called an oncovirus. These include human papillomavirus (cervical carcinoma), Epstein-Barr virus (B-cell lymphoproliferative disease and nasopharyngeal carcinoma), Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (Kaposi's Sarcoma and primary effusion lymphomas), hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses (hepatocellular carcinoma), and Human T-cell leukemia virus-1 (T-cell leukemias). Bacterial infection may also increase the risk of cancer, as seen in Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric carcinoma. Parasitic infections strongly associated with cancer include Schistosoma haematobium (squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder) and the liver flukes, Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis (cholangiocarcinoma).
Radiation
Up to 10% of cancers are related to radiation exposure either ionizing or nonionizing. Sources of ionizing radiation, include medical imaging, and radon gas. Radiation can cause cancer in most parts of the body, in all animals, and at any age, although radiation-induced solid tumors usually take 10–15 years, and up to 40 years, to become clinically manifest, and radiation-induced leukemias typically require 2–10 years to appear. Some people, such as those with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome or retinoblastoma, are more susceptible than average to developing cancer from radiation exposure. Children and adolescents are twice as likely to develop radiation-induced leukemia as adults; radiation exposure before birth has ten times the effect. Ionizing radiation is not a particularly strong mutagen. Residential exposure to radon gas, for example, has similar cancer risks as passive smoking. Low-dose exposures, such as living near a nuclear power plant, are generally believed to have no or very little effect on cancer development. Radiation is a more potent source of cancer when it is combined with other cancer-causing agents, such as radon gas exposure plus smoking tobacco.
Unlike chemical or physical triggers for cancer, ionizing radiation hits molecules within cells randomly. If it happens to strike a chromosome, it can break the chromosome, result in an abnormal number of chromosomes, inactivate one or more genes in the part of the chromosome that it hit, delete parts of the DNA sequence, cause chromosome translocations, or cause other types of chromosome abnormalities. Major damage normally results in the cell dying, but smaller damage may leave a stable, partly functional cell that may be capable of proliferating and developing into cancer, especially if tumor suppressor genes were damaged by the radiation. Three independent stages appear to be involved in the creation of cancer with ionizing radiation: morphological changes to the cell, acquiring cellular immortality (losing normal, life-limiting cell regulatory processes), and adaptations that favor formation of a tumor. Even if the radiation particle does not strike the DNA directly, it triggers responses from cells that indirectly increase the likelihood of mutations.
Medical use of ionizing radiation is a growing source of radiation-induced cancers. Ionizing radiation may be used to treat other cancers, but this may, in some cases, induce a second form of cancer. It is also used in some kinds of medical imaging. One report estimates that approximately 29,000 future cancers could be related to the approximately 70 million CT scans performed in the US in 2007. It is estimated that 0.4% of current cancers in the United States are due to CTs performed in the past and that this may increase to as high as 1.5-2% with 2007 rates of CT usage.

Prolonged exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun can lead to melanoma and other skin malignancies. Clear evidence establishes ultraviolet radiation, especially the medium wave UVB, as the cause of most non-melanoma skin cancers, which are the most common forms of cancer in the world.
Non-ionizing radio frequency radiation from mobile phones, electric power transmission, and other similar sources has also been proposed as a cause of cancer, but there is currently little established evidence of such a link.

ARTICLES ADVERBIAL CLAUSE

Writing Tasks

DIET FOR diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS)

Diabetes mellitus is also known as diabetes. This is indeed something to do with the state of the urine of patients many of which contain sugar as a result of the process can not use sugar in the body normally.
The disease is caused by damage to the pancreas gland or the pancreas, to perform its functions fairly, especially in dividing insulin to process sugar in the body properly.
The symptoms observed in this disease are:
a. Stout urine (Polyuri)
b. Many drink (Polyphagi)
c. A lot of sweat (Polydipshi)
d. Itching - itching
e. And blood sugar levels often fluctuate
Treatment for this disease other than drug or injection form of diabetes millitus, then the food arrangements should be adjusted to the drug. In general, when this is done, then the amount of food in each meal time should be as much.

a. Feeding in patients with diabetes mellitus, in general, are as follows:
1) Food and Sports

In obese patients, the pancreas usually produces the hormone insulin in sufficient quantities. Because the amount of food more than the body needs, then this excess is a great burden for the pancreas so as if the result of insulin imbalance. To adjust the amount of insulin produced by the pancreas that this ability is still good, obese patients given low-calorie foods and at the same time result in weight gain to normal. Exercise can also help this effort.

2) Food and Giving tablets diabetes mellitus
In patients with medium weight and pancreas produce the hormone insulin in amounts less, it can be given tablets as a treatment. These drugs aim to stimulate the pancreas to produce more insulin.
3) Food and insulin injections

Usually given to adolescent patients. Pancreas can not produce insulin at all, so insulin must be injected from the outside. Makannan in this group high in calories because they still have to grow or to raise the weight until they reach a normal weight.

b. The purpose of Diet in Diabetes Mellitus

1. Kamapuan adjust the body to manage the food.
2. Lowering blood sugar levels to achieve the normal standard.
3. Maintaining the body in order to perform their daily work like the normal person

c. Terms Diet for Patients with Diabetes Mellitus

1) Calories average 30-35 calories per kg body weight.
2) The number of calories provided slightly below normal and as far as possible cultivated and maintained normal weight.
3) If patients do not get diabetes medicine, the provision of food can be given by the standards of food for patients with diabetes mellitus. When you use certain drugs, the amount of carbohydrate provided for each meal and feeding frequency will be determined by your doctor. Usually given the same food every meal with small portions. Carbohydrate composition of the fifth, two fifths, two-fifths of part, or a quarter of six, two by six, and a quarter of six sections.
4) The protein is 1 gram per kg body weight.
5) Fat between 30-35% of total calories a day. Should be selected long-chain fatty unsaturated to avoid possible complications with heart disease.
6) Vitamins and minerals sufficient

In the study various disease states and feeding levels in diabetic patients the standard method is developed diabetes millitus new food. In the new standard diabetes diet and composition of food adapted to the eating habits of the nation of Indonesia.
There is a food composition for diabetes millitus namely:
a. Consist of 60-70% carbohydrate
b. 15-25% Protein
c. 20-25% Fat!
In the preparation of food for patients with diabetes millitus this, food exchange list will be helpful and useful in preparing a varied menu. Use of this list is the same as in the use of exchange lists to compile a balanced diet.
Note:
Diets 1 to 3: Given in patients who are too fat
Diet 4 to 5: Given to patients who have normal weight
Diets 6 to 8: Given the patient's thin, adolescent diabetes or diabetes with complications.
Kind of Diet:
1. Diet 1: Calories = 1100, = 50 grams of protein, fat = 30 grams, carbohydrate grams = 160
2. Diet 2: Calories = 1300, = 55 grams of protein, fat = 35 grams, carbohydrate grams: 195
3. Diet 3: Calories = 1500, = 60 grams of protein, fat gram = 40 grams carbohydrate = 225
4. Diet 4: Calories = 1700, = 65 grams of protein, fat gram = 50 grams carbohydrate = 245
5. Diet 5: Calories = 1900, = 70 grams of protein, fat gram = 55 grams carbohydrate = 280
6. Diet 6: Calories = 2100, = 80 grams of protein, fat gram = 55 grams carbohydrate = 325
7. Diet 7: Calories = 2300, = 85 grams of protein, fat gram = 65 grams carbohydrate = 350
8. Diet 8: Calories = 2500, = 90 grams of protein, fat gram = 65 grams carbohydrate = 390

ADVERBIAL CLAUSE

Kind of Clause :

1. Time Clause

Common Conjuctions : When, Before, After, Since, While, as, as long as, Until, now, soon, early

Function : These clauses are used to say when something happens by referring to a period of time or to another event

Example: Hes father died when she was young , You can do it now , He will come soon

2. Conditional Clause

Common Conjuctions : If , Unless

Function : These clauses are used to talk about a possible situation and It’s Consequences

Example: They lose weight during an illness they soon regain it after wards

3. Purpose Clause

Common Conjuctions : In order to , So that , In order that,

Function : These clause are used to indicate the purpose of an action

Example: They had to take some of this land so that they could extend the churchyard

4. Reason Clause

Common Conjuctions : Because, Since, as, given

Function : These clauses are used to indicate the reason for something

Example: I Couldn’t feel anger against him because I like Him too much

5. Result clause

Common Conjuctions : So…..That

Function: These clauses are used to indicate the result of something

Example: My suitcase had become so demaged on the journey home that the lid would not stay claused

6. Concessive clause

Common Conjunctions: Although, though, while

Function: These clauses are used to make two statement, one of which contrasts with the other or makes it seem surprising

Example: I used to read a lot although I don’t get much time for book’s now

7. Place Clause

Common Conjunctions: Where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere, here, there, near

Function: These clauses are used to talk about the location or position of something

Example: He said He was happy where he was

They sit here . He will go there . They live near the lake

8. Clause of exclamation

Common Conjuctions : What A (an), how, such, so

Function: Exclamations are used to express anger, shock, surprise

Example: What horrible news ! How fast she types ! You lucky man !

9. Clause of Manner

Common Conjuctions : As, Like, The way, well, quickly, funnily

Function: These clauses are used to talk about some one’s behavior or the way something is clone

Example: I was never allowed to do thing’s the way I wanted to do them

You read well

He wrote the letter quickly

Jack danced funnily

10. Adverb of Number

Common Conjunctions: Once, Twice, There times, Often

Example: I did it once.

He saw it twice.

We have visited ball three times.

They often quarrel

11. Adverb of Degree

Common Conjunctions: Very, Rather, Quite

Example: You are very busy.

He is rather crazy.

They are quite right

12. Interrogative Adverbs

Common Conjunctions: When, Where, Why, How, How far, How long, How often

Example: When did you buy this?

Where does he live?

Why are you laughing?

How does he drive?

How far did Tom Walk?

How long did they sleep?

How often do you go shopping?

Senin, 21 Februari 2011

Adverbial clause

kind of clause	common conjunctions	function	example
time clauses	when, before, after, since, while, as, as long as, until,til, etc. (conjunctions that answer the question "when?"); hardly, scarcely, no sooner, etc.^[1]	These clauses are used to say when something happens by referring to a period of time or to another event.	Her father died when she was young.
conditional clauses	if, unless	These clauses are used to talk about a possible situation and its consequences.	If they lose weight during an illness, they soon regain it afterwards.
purpose clauses	in order to, so that, in order that	These clauses are used to indicate the purpose of an action.	They had to take some of his land so that they could extend the churchyard.
reason clauses	because, since, as, given	These clauses are used to indicate the reason for something.	I couldn't feel anger against himbecause I liked him too much.
result clauses	so..that	These clauses are used to indicate the result of something.	My suitcase had become so damaged on the journey home that the lid would not stay closed.
concessive clauses	although, though, while	These clauses are used to make two statements, one of which contrasts with the other or makes it seem surprising.	I used to read a lot although I don't get much time for books now
place clauses	where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere, etc. (conjunctions that answer the question "where?")	These clauses are used to talk about the location or position of something.	He said he was happy where he was.
clauses of manner	as, like, the way	These clauses are used to talk about someone's behaviour or the way something is done.	I was never allowed to do thingsthe way I wanted to do them.
clauses of exclamation	what a(an), how, such, so	Exclamations are used to express anger, fear, shock, surprise etc. They always take an exclamation mark (!).	What horrible news! How fast she types! You lucky man!

Adverbial clause

An adverbial clause is a clause that functions as an adverb. In other words, it contains subject (explicit or implied) and predicate, and it modifies a verb.

I saw Joe when I went to the store. (explicit subject I)
He sat quietly in order to appear polite. (implied subject he)

According to Sidney Greenbaum and Randolph Quirk, adverbial clauses function mainly as adjuncts or disjuncts. In those functions they are like adverbial phrases, but in their potentiality for greater explicitness, they are more often like prepositional phrases (Greenbaum andQuirk,1990):

We left after the speeches ended. (Is it an adverbial clause, adverbial phrase or preposition phrase?)
We left after the end of the speeches.(Is it an adverbial clause, adverbial phrase or preposition phrase?)

Contrast adverbial clauses with adverbial phrases, which do not contain a clause.

I like to fly kites for fun.

Kinds of adverbial clauses

kind of clause common conjunctions function example

time clauses when, before, after, since, while, as, as long as, until,til, etc. (conjunctions that answer the question "when?"); hardly, scarcely, no sooner, etc.^[1] These clauses are used to say when something happens by referring to a period of time or to another event. Her father died when she was young.

conditional clauses if, unless These clauses are used to talk about a possible situation and its consequences. If they lose weight during an illness, they soon regain it afterwards.

purpose clauses in order to, so that, in order that These clauses are used to indicate the purpose of an action. They had to take some of his land so that they could extend the churchyard.

reason clauses because, since, as, given These clauses are used to indicate the reason for something. I couldn't feel anger against himbecause I liked him too much.

result clauses so..that These clauses are used to indicate the result of something. My suitcase had become so damaged on the journey home that the lid would not stay closed.

concessive clauses although, though, while These clauses are used to make two statements, one of which contrasts with the other or makes it seem surprising. I used to read a lot although I don't get much time for books now

place clauses where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere, etc. (conjunctions that answer the question "where?") These clauses are used to talk about the location or position of something. He said he was happy where he was.

clauses of manner as, like, the way These clauses are used to talk about someone's behaviour or the way something is done. I was never allowed to do thingsthe way I wanted to do them.

clauses of exclamation what a(an), how, such, so Exclamations are used to express anger, fear, shock, surprise etc. They always take an exclamation mark (!). What horrible news! How fast she types! You lucky man!